走廊-前室缓冲区在建筑火灾中的可行性分析

高层建筑火灾中,随着机械加压送风研究的深入,发现其存在着一些缺陷。于是提出在走廊段设置“走廊一前室缓冲区”的方式来改善传统正压送风模式。其完整设想是在前室前设置一段无烟区,通过防烟空气幕作为柔性隔断划分缓冲段和走廊段,并且在空气幕前设置排烟口,排出多余的新鲜空气,从而避免影响火场的机械排烟效率。采用FireDynamicSimulation（FDS）场模拟软件模拟高层建筑不同走廊模型。针对条形走廊、L形走廊、环形走廊建筑是否设置缓冲区进行模拟,比较其温度场,浓度场,以及各自排烟效果。结果显示,“走廊一前室缓冲区”的设置能较好的适用于不同的走廊模型,改善传统正压送风模式,便于火灾时人员疏散,而且其机械效率都有显著提高,保证走廊内烟气的及时排出。     

耐候性试验在乘用车密封条研发中的应用

本文介绍了耐候性试验在乘用车密封条研发过程中的作用,对比分析了国内外测试标准间的差异,简述了有关乘用车密封条耐候性试验的研究进展。     

Tamarix and Diorhabda Leaf Beetle Interactions: Implications for Tamarix Water Use and Riparian Habitat

Tamarix leaf beetles (Diorhabda carinulata) have been widely released on western United States rivers to control introduced shrubs in the genus Tamarix, with the goals of saving water through removal of an assumed high water‐use plant, and of improving habitat value by removing a competitor of native riparian trees. We review recent studies addressing three questions: (1) to what extent are Tamarix weakened or killed by recurrent cycles of defoliation; (2) can significant water salvage be expected from defoliation; and (3) what are the effects of defoliation on riparian ecology, particularly on avian habit? Defoliation has been patchy at many sites, and shrubs at some sites recover each year even after multiple years of defoliation. Tamarix evapotranspiration (ET) is much lower than originally assumed in estimates of potential water savings, and are the same or lower than possible replacement plants. There is concern that the endangered southwestern willow flycatcher (Empidonax trailli extimus) will be negatively affected by defoliation because the birds build nests early in the season when Tamarix is still green, but are still on their nests during the period of summer defoliation. Affected river systems will require continued monitoring and development of adaptive management practices to maintain or enhance riparian habitat values. Multiplatform remote sensing methods are playing an essential role in monitoring defoliation and rates of ET on affected river systems.     

Assessing the potential for lead release from road dusts and soils

Lead release from several soil and road dust samples -- obtained from various locations in the London Borough of Greenwich -- has been investigated as a function of acid and chloride addition. The work shows that lead retention in dust samples is primarily dependent upon buffer capacity, which in turn appears to be related to carbonate content. The continuing addition of acid eventually overcomes the buffer capacity of the system. At this point lead is rapidly released. For the soils investigated buffer capacities appear to be small and in these cases lead is readily released. The supplementary addition of chloride to the samples can have contrary effects upon release. For the dust samples chloride enhances lead release due, presumably, to the formation of chloro--lead complexes. However for one soil sample chloride hinders lead release possibly by binding anionic chloro--lead complexes to anionic exchange sites formed by the protonation of surface hydroxyl groups in the soil matrix.     

长江汉口边滩防洪及环境综合治理的研究

武汉市国管院批准的防洪重点城市，长江武汉河段是重点治理河段之一。该河段河道演变复杂，洲滩冲淤，是影响主流，航道变迁及汛期泄洪。左岸汉口边滩上密集的房屋，杂乱无序，成为行洪障碍及污染污染源，破坏环境及景观。市政府决定实施防洪及环境综合治理，该工程属省，部级重大科研项目。从定，动床河工模型试验及环境保护进行分析研究。定床试验，研究工程实施后，本河段的水位，流速，流态及天兴洲左右汊分流比的变化；动床试验，研究在不同典型水文年条件下的河势，河道冲淤变化及疏浚区的回淤回，为治理方案的优化比选及工程决策提供科学依据。这是长江干流滨江城市河道整治的先声，是城市规划建设中环境保护工程实施的首例，意义非常和重大。     

Precision Measurements from Very-Large Scale Aerial Digital Imagery

Managers need measurements and resource managers need the length/width of a variety of items including that of animals, logs, streams, plant canopies, man-made objects, riparian habitat, vegetation patches and other things important in resource monitoring and land inspection. These types of measurements can now be easily and accurately obtained from very large scale aerial (VLSA) imagery having spatial resolutions as fine as 1 millimeter per pixel by using the three new software programs described here. VLSA images have small fields of view and are used for intermittent sampling across extensive landscapes. Pixel-coverage among images is influenced by small changes in airplane altitude above ground level (AGL) and orientation relative to the ground, as well as by changes in topography. These factors affect the object-to-camera distance used for image-resolution calculations. ‘ImageMeasurement’ offers a user-friendly interface for accounting for pixel-coverage variation among images by utilizing a database. ‘LaserLOG’ records and displays airplane altitude AGL measured from a high frequency laser rangefinder, and displays the vertical velocity. ‘Merge’ sorts through large amounts of data generated by LaserLOG and matches precise airplane altitudes with camera trigger times for input to the ImageMeasurement database. We discuss application of these tools, including error estimates. We found measurements from aerial images (collection resolution: 5–26 mm/pixel as projected on the ground) using ImageMeasurement, LaserLOG, and Merge, were accurate to centimeters with an error less than 10%. We recommend these software packages as a means for expanding the utility of aerial image data.     

Use of Maryland Biological Stream Survey Data to Determine Effects of Agricultural Riparian Buffers on Measures of Biological Stream Health

This study was undertaken to determine the importance of riparian buffers to stream ecology in agricultural areas. The original Maryland Biological Stream Survey (MBSS) data set was partitioned to represent agricultural sites in Maryland's Coastal Plain and Piedmont regions. ANOVA, multiple linear regression (MLR), and CART regression tree models were developed using riparian and site catchment landscape characteristics. MBSS data were both stratified by physiographic region and analyzed as a combined data set. All models indicated that land management at the site was not the controlling factor for fish IBIs (FIBI) at that site and, hence, using FIBI to evaluate site-scale factors would not be a prudent procedure. Measures of instream habitat and location in the stream network were the dominant explanatory factors for FIBI models. Both CART and MLR models indicated that forest buffers were influential on benthic IBIs (BIBI). Explanatory variables reflected instream conditions, adjacent landscape influence, and chemistry in the Coastal Plains sites, all of which are relatively site specific. However, for Piedmont sites, hydrologic factors were important, in addition to adjacent landscape influence, and chemistry. Both Coastal Plain and Piedmont CART models identified several hydrologic factors, emphasizing the dominant control of hydrology on the physical habitat index (PHI). Riparian buffers were a secondary influence on PHI in the Coastal Plain, but not in the Piedmont. Between 40% and 70% of the variation in FIBI, BIBI, and PHI was explained by the “easily obtainable” variables available from the MBSS data set. While these are empirical results specific to Maryland, the general findings are of use to other locations where the establishment of forest buffers is considered as an aquatic ecosystem restoration measure.     

稳定同位素技术在河岸带功能研究中的应用

简要概述稳定同位素技术在生态学的应用领域,通过对河岸带反硝化作用限制因素、效率以及机理的回顾,体现稳定同位素技术应用的优势。重点阐述该技术在研究河岸带功能实现机理、分析河岸带生态系统物质来源和时空迁移转化规律以及研究河岸带与外界环境物质联系,生态系统食物网络组成及营养级关系中的应用,指出其能够科学反映物质空间变化和时间累积效应的特点。稳定同位素技术与传统地球化学技术的结合对国内河岸带功能研究以及生态河岸带建设具有重大的实际应用价值。     

RIP-N模型对官厅水库库滨带去氮效应的流域尺度模拟分析

以官厅水库库滨带为研究对象,构建适用于流域尺度岸边带去氮负荷估算的生态水文模型——RIP-N(Riparian-Nitrogen)模型,对官厅水库库滨带2007年3~9月间岸边带去氮效应进行分析.同时,在延庆水保站开展田间尺度的野外模拟实验,结合室内外试验分析和以往研究成果,对模型模拟结果进行验证.RIP-N模型包括土壤化学过程模拟和植物生长过程模拟.前者包括土壤反硝化模拟、硝化模拟和氨挥发模拟;后者包括植物净第一性生产力(net primary productivity,NPP)模拟、植物生产力分配模拟和植物营养元素吸收模拟.结果表明:①RIP-N模型模拟值与实验值的决定系数大于0.5,证明该模型在空间尺度模拟上的有效性及模拟结果的可靠性;②模型模拟结果表明官厅水库库滨带流域3~9月对N的总去除量为5.91×103t;③RIP-N模型对官厅水库库滨带去氮环境效益分析表明,当前库滨带土地利用格局中,滩地、林地和草地是去污效果较好的土地利用类型,3~9月对流域的去N量占流域总去N量的76.5%,在非点源污染防治中起到"汇"的作用;但是研究区中专属湿地的"汇"作用表现不明显,3~9月去N量仅占流域总去N量的5.9...     

垃圾渗滤液污染地下环境物质变化对污染缓冲的影响

通过砂柱模拟实验研究垃圾渗滤液污染地下环境中氧化还原环境和主要组成物质的变化对沉积物的pH缓冲能力和氧化还原能力的影响及其相互关系.结果表明,氧化还原环境的变化对地下环境沉积物的pH缓冲和氧化还原缓冲能力有重要影响,产甲烷带/硫酸盐还原带(MGZ/SRZ)、铁还原带(IRZ)、硝酸盐还原带(NRZ)和氧还原带(ORZ)沉积物的pH缓冲容量相对于本底值分别增加了12.4%、 10.8%、 19.8%和11.1%;pH缓冲和氧化还原缓冲之间相互影响、相互促进,它们直接影响着地下环境中污染物的自然衰减作用;沉积物中的铁氧化物、有机质、SO_4~(2-)和NH_4~+-N等的含量对pH缓冲能力和氧化还原缓冲能力均有不同的影响,整个体系的污染缓冲能力是各组分的综合作用结果.